Month: June 2023

How Much Does It Cost NOT to Provide Healthcare Services to the Undocumented?

by Stuart Pickell, MD, TCMS President

This article was originally published in the May/June issue of the Tarrant County Physician.

Note from the author: Although I have sourced much of the content in this article, some of the information comes from off-the-record conversations I have had with people who are or have been in leadership positions within the hospital district. In exchange for their honest assessment, I promised not to quote them.

I SUSPECT THAT, IF ASKED, THE average Tarrant County taxpayer would oppose spending tax dollars to fund healthcare for undocumented residents. I suspect also that they have at best a partial understanding of the issue borne out of media mischaracterizations and confirmation biases- on both ends of the political spectrum. Would that we could focus our attention on the information we need- as opposed to the information we want- when we make policy decisions that impact the community.

Harvard psychologist William James, in his presidential address to the American Philosophical Association, stated, “We are making use of only a small part of our possible mental and physical resources.”¹ From this case the notion that we use only 10 percent of our brains, a myth so perpetuated by self-help books throughout the 20th century that by 2014, a survey revealed that roughly 50 percent of teachers around the world believed the myth to be true. ² But James was not asserting that we use only a small part of our brain; he contended that we do not engage it fully. What he described is consistent with what we now know about attention and flow states. To solve problems, our brains work best when we focus our attention. This is also true for communities. If we want to address community concerns seriously, we must focus our attention not just to what we see on the surface, but on the currents that run underneath it. However, when it comes to healthcare and undocumented residents, you can’t finish the question before the knives come out and the war paint goes on. But this question is more nuanced than a soundbite debate regarding immigration. Let me provide some context and propose a path forward.

The County Health System

JPS is the “safety net” facility for those who “fall through the cracks” in our healthcare system. The county health system traces its origin to 1877 when the then-future mayor Jogn Peter Smith donated five acres of land south of town to provide medical care to city and county residents.³

The first public hospital opened in 1906. Associated with the Fort Worth Medical College, it was called the City-County Hospital and was free to all accident victims and others by agreement.⁴ In 1914, a new hospital was built across the alley from the medical college which, by this time, was affiliated with TCU. This building, at 4th and Jones, still stands and is now the Maddox-Muse Center. By the 1930s, the city had outgrown this facility and a new City-County Hospital was built on the land originally donated by John Peter Smith. In 1954, the hospital changed its name to honor the land donor.

Until the 1950s, faith-based healthcare institutions managed many of the hospitals and health networks in Texas. Fort Worth’s first hospital was St. Joseph (1885).⁵ The demand for reliable access to healthcare services for the indigent drove initiatives to create a taxing mechanism to improve healthcare resources in growing Texas communities. This resulted in a Texas state constitutional amendment in 1954 permitting the creation of county-wide hospital districts in counties with a population of at least 900,000 to better serve those communities. ⁶ Tarrant County formed its hospital district in 1959, centered around JPS. As needs increased, the facility grew, and in 2008, it acquired St. Joseph Hospital, which was torn down in 2012 to create space for ongoing expansion.

Because the hospital districts fall along county lines, they come under county jurisdiction and are overseen and managed by the county commissioners court. By statute, every Texas county must have a county judge and four county commissioners, each representing a district consisting of one-fourth of the county’s population. Every county, from Harris County’s 4.7 million residents to Loving County’s 83 residents, has four commissioners and a county judge. The commissioners courts are responsible for setting policy and determining budgets, many of which are dedicated to roads and bridges, law enforcement, and the hospital districts. ^7,8 According to the Texas Health & Safety Code, the county must “provide health care assistance… to each of its eligible county residents.” ⁹ But who is “eligible”?

JPS has enjoyed excellent executive leadership, as evidenced by their ranking in Washington Monthly as the best teaching hospital in the county. ¹⁰ Yet while the executive team has significant authority to create a vision, establish priorities, and execute the network’s mission, it’s the Board of Managers- the JPS governing authority- that funds it and determines eligibility criteria. This board consists of representatives appointed to two-year terms by the commissioners court.

In 1996, Congress passed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act deeming undocumented residents ineligible for many federal, state, and local public benefits, but it allowed states to expand benefits if they wanted to. ¹¹ This created some uncertainty at the state level. In September 2003, a Texas law went into effect that deemed undocumented immigrants eligible for non-emergency care subsidized with local funds. According to the Fort Worth Star-Telegram, the JPS Board of Managers interpreted this law to be a mandate and voted to allow undocumented immigrants to enroll in JPS Connection starting in January of 2004. ¹² The following month, Senator Jane Nelson wrote a letter to then Attorney General Greg Abbott seeking clarification regarding the statute. ¹³ Five months later, the Attorney General rendered his opinion that the code “permits, but does not require, a hospital district to provide nonemergency public health services to undocumented persons who are otherwise ineligible for those benefits under federal law.”¹⁴ A few weeks later, the JPS Board of Managers rescinded their expansion policy, although those who had already enrolled were permitted to remain in the system.

Cracks in the System

Texas has the ignominious distinction of leading the nation in uninsured residents. At 18 percent, our uninsured rate is over twice the national average. ¹⁵ There are many factors, including Texas’ decision not to accept federal funding for Medicaid expansion (as of July, Texas will be one of only 11 states that has not accepted it) and a knowledge gap on the part of currently eligible people who don’t know how to enroll.^16,17 But another driving factor is undocumented residents, the number of whom living in Texas is anyone’s guess.

Castigating immigrants, documented or not, as “the problem” obfuscates the bigger picture. We live in a transportation hub that provides ready access to much of the world. Immigration is considered a good thing. People come here because our expanding economy offers them jobs. Immigrants constitute 23 percent of the Texas workforce. A 2019 DFW survey revealed that immigrants made up 46 percent of our workforce in construction, 30 percent in manufacturing, and 26 percent in restaurant and food services. They contributed $119 billion to the Texas economy in personal income. Furthermore, 71 percent speak English, about 59 percent own homes, and 79 percent have lived in Texas for at least 10 years. ¹⁸ A recent national study focused on the experiences of undocumented immigrants revealed that immigrants typically pay more into the health system through taxes and premiums than they use in the form of healthcare services. ¹⁹ They do the same for the Social Security trust fund, something the Social Security Administration has known for years.²⁰

And yet, at least in Tarrant County, undocumented immigrants struggle to access healthcare. they go to JPS at a discounted rate (typically 40-80 percent), but because of their legal status they often forego routine care even if they can swing a hammer of lift a beam or scrub a floor- they keep working for fear of losing their jobs. For the undocumented, the fear of discovery and deportation is real. They don’t just fall through the cracks; they hide in them. This works until a chronic problem becomes and urgent one, and they can no longer work and must seek care. With the average three-day hospitalization costing $30,000, the patient will still owe $6,000-$12,000 after discounts, which most cannot afford.²¹ Since they cannot enroll in federal programs, JPS will end out absorbing the cost.

JPS probably provides a lot of uncompensated care that we don’t know about. It would be illegal not to provide care in an urgent/emergent situations- not to mention unethical- so why don’t we focus our attention on the cost of NOT taking care of undocumented residents?

The fact is, no one wants to talk about this because its political kryptonite. State legislators say this is a county issue. The county commissioners say it’s the Board of Managers’ decision, but the Board of Managers is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the county court. Everyone says it’s a federal issue, and yet when Medicaid expansion comes up the state turns it down. Geez.

I attended First Tuesdays at the capitol on March 6th, where I had the opportunity to sit down with the legislative aid for a Republican senator. When Medicaid expansion came up, she admitted, of the record, that Texas should accept it, but that this issue is a non-starter for her senator. Why? As Robert Frost put it,

Before I built a wall I’d ask to know what I was walling in, or walling out. ²²

Likewise, before we say we’re not going to provide basic healthcare services, shouldn’t we want to know all the facts? The JPS Health Network’s report regarding healthcare planning for Tarrant county states that its critical for the system to “continue to shift the emphasis from hospital care- for medical and behavioral health issues- to ambulatory care to decrease the need for preventable and costly inpatient care.” ²³ But our current policy creates a Gordian Knot in which a sizeable number of Tarrant County residents are forced to do the opposite. So, they wait until they can no longer work, at which point the problem may require a hospitalization and a more expensive “fix.”

A Proposal

What we need is to get past the political campaign slogans and focus our attention on the actual problem. Immigration reform is a valid concern and should be addressed, but it’s not the issue here. Our issue is local, and it impacts the people with whom. we live and work, and those we hire to work for us. The undocumented residents in Tarrant County aren’t leaving anytime soon. Furthermore, they contribute to the economy and pay taxes. What we need, then, is a task force to examine seriously and assess honestly all the issues that contribute to the problem. They should focus their attention not on the surface concerns that we find in a political campaign ad but on the underlying currents, the factors that make this problem more nuanced than can be contained in a soundbite. This task force should be apolitical by intention (to the extent that anything can be) and include people who care about the community, economic development, fiscal responsibility, and, of course, healthcare. TCMS is well positioned to help lead this initiative. We represent a variety of political viewpoints, but we share a common concern for taking care of our patients individually and collectively.

Factors this task force should consider include:

• How Harris, Bexar, Dallas, and Travis Counties are managing this issue.
• The number of people living in Tarrant County who are barred from county healthcare services.
• The impact undocumented residents have on the community, including:
  • Their contribution to the economy
  • How much they pay in taxes
  • How much we are spending urgently treating preventable conditions.

Money is a finite commodity, so it, too, must be included in the conversation. Tax dollars should be spent wisely. County Judge Time O’Hare pledged to do this during his campaign, especially regarding the hospital district.²⁴ He also promised to cut taxes, fund law enforcement, and eliminate waste, fraud, and abuse. ²⁵ This alignment of priorities suggests that hospital district funding may be in peril.

But it doesn’t need to be. A serious study may reveal that we are “wasting money” by NOT providing these services, especially when we factor in the cost of uncompensated urgent and emergent care and the loss of worker productivity. We won’t know unless we ask. Furthermore, the surge in property values, and therefore property taxes, has afforded the state a $32.7 billion surplus. ²⁶ Many constituencies are vying for that money- the taxpayers themselves, law enforcement, teachers- and all should be given serious consideration. But could we not give serious consideration also to addressing the healthcare needs of some of the most vulnerable individuals in our community by allowing undocumented residents to access the county healthcare network?

Once we know what we’re dealing with, we can begin to chart a course forward, riding the underlying currents rather than fighting them until we arrive at a destination that demonstrates hospitality, compassion, and fiscal responsibility. We may even find that the most fiscally responsible thing we could do is to offer basic primary care to these populations through a creative collaboration between JPS and other community resources. But we won’t know unless we ask.

References:

1. James W. The Energies of Men. Science. 1907; (Vol. 25, No 635 (March 1, 1907)): 332-323.
2. Howard-Jones PA. Neurosciences and education: myths and messages. Nature reviews Neuroscience. 2014; 15 (12):817-824. doi:10.1038/nrn3817
3. History of JPS. Accessed March 25, 2023, https://www.jpshealthnet.org/about-jps/history
4. Site of the Fort Worth Medical College. Historical Marker for the Fort Worth Medical College. https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=53215
5. Park KB. St. Joseph Hospital. Texas State Historical Association. Accessed March 25, 2023, https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entris/st-joseph-hospital
6. McKinley RD. Texas Hospital Districts: Past, Present, and Future. Affairs DoP; 2019. August 2019.
7. What Is a County Commissioner? Texas Association of Counties. Accessed March 19, 2023. https://www.county.org/About-Texas-Counties/About-Texas-County-Officials/Texas-County-Commisioner
8. What Does a County Commissioner Do in Texas? Texas Association of Counties. Accessed March 19, 2023. https://www.county.org/About-Texas-Counties/About-Texas-County-Officials/Texas-County-Commissioner
9. Health and Safety Code, Texas State Legislature §61.022 (2023). https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/ Docs/SDocs/HEALTHANDSAFETYCODE.pdf
10. Editors T. Introducing the Best Hospitals for America. Washington Monthly 2020.
11. Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. 1996.
12. Allison A. Local, state policies may contribute to higher cervical cancer death rate for Hispanic women in Tarrant County. Fort Worth Report. November 22, 2021. https://fortworthreport. org/2021/11/22/local-state-policies-may-contribute- to-higher-cervical-cancer-death-rate-for-hispanic- women-in-tarrant-county/
13. Nelson J. Senator Jane Nelson to Attorney General Greg Abbott, February 4, 2004. In: Abbott AGG, editor. Letter from Senator Jane Nelson to Attorney General Greg Abbott seeking a clarifying opinion regarding the eligibility of undocumented residents for health care services under the Health and Safety Code Section 285.201 as added by Chapter 198, Acts of the 78th Legislature, Regular Session, 2003. ed 2004.
14. Abbott G. Opinion No. GA-0219. 2004.
15. Percentage of Population Without Health Insurance Coverage by State: 2019 and 2021. United States Census Bureau. Accessed March 25, 2023, https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/ interactive/population-without-health-insurance- coverage-2019-and-2021.html
16. Status of State Medicaid Expansion Decisions: Interactive Map. Kaiser Family Foundation. Updated February 16, 2023. Accessed March 25, 2023, https:// www.kff.org/medicaid/issue-brief/status-of-state- medicaid-expansion-decisions-interactive-map/
17. Barton K. Tarrant County residents have access to free health care, but some say awareness is a barrier. Fort Worth Report. October 11, 2021. Accessed March 19, 2023. https://fortworthreport.org/2021/10/11/ tarrant-county-residents-have-access-to-free-health- care-but-some-say-awareness-is-a-barrier/
18. Garcia Z. Immigrants are crucial to Texas’ economy. FWD.us. Updated February 23, 2022. Accessed March 19, 2023. https://www.fwd.us/news/ texas-immigrants/
19. Ku L. Who Pays for Immigrants’ Health Care in the US? JAMA Netw Open. Nov 1 2022;5(11):e2241171. doi:10.1001/ jamanetworkopen.2022.41171
20. Goss S, Wade A, Skirvin JP, Morris M, Bye KM, Huston D. Effects of Unauthorized Immigration on the Actuarial Status of the Social Security Trust Funds. Actuarial Note. April 2013. Accessed April 2, 2023. https://www.ssa.gov/oact/NOTES/pdf_notes/ note151.pdf
21. Why health insurance is important: Protection from high medical costs. Accessed March 27, 2023, https://www.healthcare.gov/why-coverage-is- important/protection-from-high-medical-costs/
22. Frost R. Mending Wall. North of Boston. 1914;
23. Health Care Planning for Tarrant County and the Role of JPS Health Network. 2018. February 27, 2018. https://www.tarrantcountytx.gov/ content/dam/main/administration/JPS/CBRC%20 Report%20FINAL%20%202%2021%2018.pdf
24. Allison A. Commissioners court elections could shift priorities of JPS Health Network during pandemic. Fort Worth Report. February 2, 2022.
25. Judge Tim O’Hare website. https://www. electtimohare.com/
26. Harper KB, Schumacher Y, Fort A. How could Texas spend its record $32.7 billion surplus? The Texas Tribune. March 13, 2023. Accessed March 27, 2023. https://www.texastribune.org/2023/03/13/ texas-budget-surplus/